Study Material By Prince Z10

Iron is more reactive than copper. When an iron nail is dipped in blue copper sulphate (CuSO₄) solution, iron displaces copper from its solution to form light green ferrous sulphate (FeSO₄) and reddish-brown copper metal deposits on the nail. Equation: Fe(s) + CuSO₄(aq) → FeSO₄(aq) + Cu(s) (Displacement Reaction).

In humans, blood passes through the heart twice during each complete cycle of the body: 1. Pulmonary Circulation: Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the Right Ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary artery for oxygenation, and returns to the Left Atrium via pulmonary veins. 2. Systemic Circulation: Oxygenated blood from the Left Ventricle is pumped through the aorta to all body organs and returns deoxygenated to the Right Atrium via vena cava. Necessity: It prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, ensuring a highly efficient supply of oxygen required by warm-blooded animals (mammals & birds) to maintain constant body temperature.

Joule’s Law of Heating states that the heat (H) produced in a resistor is: (i) Directly proportional to the square of current (I²) flowing through it. (ii) Directly proportional to its resistance (R). (iii) Directly proportional to the time (t) for which current flows. Formula: H = I²Rt (or H = VIt = (V²/R)t) Applications: Electric iron/heater, electric fuse wire (tin-lead alloy with low melting point).

It means that the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum (or air) to the speed of light in diamond is equal to 2.42. In other words, light travels 2.42 times slower in diamond than in vacuum (v = c / 2.42).

Key measures introduced by French Revolutionaries: 1. Ideas of "la patrie" (the fatherland) and "le citoyen" (the citizen) emphasizing a united community enjoying equal rights. 2. A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard. 3. The Estates General was elected by active citizens and renamed the National Assembly. 4. New hymns were composed, oaths taken, and martyrs commemorated in the name of the nation. 5. A centralized administrative system formulated uniform laws, abolished internal customs duties, and adopted uniform weights & measures, with French (as spoken in Paris) becoming the common national language.

• Prudential Reason: Based on careful calculation of gains and losses. Power sharing reduces the possibility of conflict between social groups and ensures political stability. • Moral Reason: Emphasizes that power sharing is valuable in itself because it is the very spirit of democracy; citizens have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed.

1. Cheap and affordable credit prevents borrowers (especially small farmers and rural workers) from falling into a debt trap caused by high interest rates of informal moneylenders. 2. It allows people to set up small businesses, buy agricultural inputs, and increase national income. 3. Self Help Groups (SHGs) pool small savings of 15–20 rural members (mostly women), provide collateral-free loans at reasonable rates, and empower women financially and socially.

1. Assume the contrary that √3 is rational, so √3 = a/b where a and b are co-prime integers (HCF(a,b) = 1) and b ≠ 0. 2. Squaring both sides: 3 = a²/b² ⇒ a² = 3b². 3. Since 3 divides a², by Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic, 3 divides a. Let a = 3c for some integer c. 4. Substituting: (3c)² = 3b² ⇒ 9c² = 3b² ⇒ b² = 3c². 5. Thus 3 divides b², so 3 also divides b. 6. Therefore, a and b have 3 as a common factor, contradicting our assumption that a and b are co-prime. Hence, √3 is irrational.

Statement: If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the other two sides in distinct points, the other two sides are divided in the same ratio. In ΔABC, if DE ∥ BC (where D lies on AB and E lies on AC), then: AD / DB = AE / EC (and also AD / AB = AE / AC).